農民社區支持農業 (CSA) 資源指南

出自臺灣 CSA 協會

原始資料來源：Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) Resource Guide for Farmers

更新日期：2026-02-21（Updated: February 21, 2026）

什麼是社區支持型農業（What is Community Supported Agriculture）？

Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) is a production and marketing model whereby consumers buy shares of a farm’s harvest in advance. Consumers become CSA members by paying an agreed amount at the beginning of the growing season, either in one lump sum or in installments. The annual cost, generally ranging from $400-$700, depends on the length of the harvest season and the variety and quantity of products provided. This upfront payment helps buy the seed and other inputs needed for the season and provides the farmer an immediate income to begin the season. By paying at the beginning of the season, CSA members share in the risk of production and relieve the farmer of much of the time needed for marketing. This allows the farmer to concentrate on good land stewardship and growing high quality food.

社區支持農業（CSA）是一種生產與行銷模式，消費者會提前購買農場收成的股份。消費者在生長季節開始時，透過一次性或分期支付約定金額成為 CSA 會員。年花費通常介於 400 至 700 美元（約台幣 12,725 ~ 22, 269）之間，取決於收成季節的長短以及所提供產品的種類和數量。這筆預付款幫助購買種子及其他季節所需的原料，並為農民提供立即的收入，開始季節。CSA 會員在季節開始時付款，分擔生產風險，並減輕農民大量行銷時間。這讓農民能專注於良好的土地管理和種植高品質的食物。

In return for their membership fee, consumers receive a variety of freshly picked vegetables (usually organic) every week. Some CSAs also offer fruits, herbs, meats, eggs, dairy, cut flowers, and other products. Consumer-members eat healthy, sustainably produced food and have the satisfaction of knowing where it came from and how it was grown. Many CSAs offer on-farm social and educational activities for members, further strengthening their connection to the land and with the farmers who feed them.

作為會員費的回報，消費者每週都能獲得各式新鮮採摘的蔬菜（通常是有機的）。部分 CSA 也提供水果、香草、肉類、雞蛋、乳製品、切花及其他產品。消費者會員享用健康、永續生產的食物，並能滿足於了解食物來源與種植方式。許多 CSA 為會員提供農場內的社交及教育活動，進一步加強他們與土地及農民的連結。

The CSA concept originated in Japan in the 1960s by a group of women concerned with the use of pesticides, the increase in processed and imported food, and the loss of farmers and farmland. By the early 1970s, farmers and consumers in several European countries, concerned about the industrialization of their food system, created the CSA model that we know today. The first CSA in the U.S. was created in Massachusetts in 1984. Today there are over 2,500 CSAs in the United States. North Carolina has over 100 CSAs, and more are created every year as interest from both consumers and farmers grows.

CSA 概念起源於 1960 年代日本，由一群關注農藥使用、加工與進口食品增加，以及農民和農地流失的女性所發起。到了 1970 年代初，幾個歐洲國家的農民和消費者因擔憂其食品系統的工業化，創造了我們今天所知的 CSA 模式。美國第一個 CSA 於 1984 年在麻薩諸塞州成立。如今美國有超過 2,500 個 CSA。北卡羅來納州有超過 100 個 CSA，且隨著消費者與農民興趣的增加，每年還會陸續新增。

誰來發起 CSA（Who Can Start a CSA）？

  • Producer-Initiated CSAs – the majority of CSAs are started by farmers interested in alternative marketing and strengthening their connection to consumers 生產者發起的 CSA－大多數 CSA 由有意推動替代行銷並加強與消費者連結的農民發起
  • Member-Initiated CSAs – a group of interested consumers works together to find a local farmer to produce their food 會員發起的 CSAs－群有興趣的消費者共同尋找當地農夫來生產他們的食物
  • Multiple-Producer CSAs – several farmers band together to provide consumers with a wide variety of products 多生產者 CSAs－多家農民聯合起來，為消費者提供多樣產品
  • Organization-Initiated CSAs – organizations such as businesses, churches, schools, etc. offer an existing community of consumers that forms a CSA 組織發起的 CSA－企業、教會、學校等組織提供一個既有的消費者社群，形成 CSA

如何開始（How to Get Started）？

  • Meet with Potential Members 與潛在會員會面
  • Establish a Core Group 建立核心小組
  • Develop a Business Plan 制定商業計畫
  • Create a Budget 制定預算

與潛在會員會面（Meet with Potential Members）

  • Start with the people you know best: friends, family, neighbors, colleagues, etc. 從你最熟悉的人開始：朋友、家人、鄰居、同事等等。
  • Existing groups or communities (environmental groups, businesses, churches, community action organizations, health food stores, fitness centers, schools, civic organizations, etc.) are a perfect place to find members; use their meetings and newsletters as way to spread the word about CSA and recruit members 現有的團體或社區（環保團體、企業、教會、社區行動組織、健康食品店、健身中心、學校、公民組織等）是尋找成員的理想場所，利用他們的會議和電子報來宣傳 CSA 並招募會員

建立核心團隊（Establish a Core Group）

  • The core group is comprised of the farmer(s) plus several consumer members and is responsible for working out the details of the CSA 核心小組由農民及數位消費者成員組成，負責制定 CSA 的細節
  • Core groups broaden ownership, spread the workload, and decrease the chance for farmer burnout; much of the organizing work of a CSA can be done by a core group 核心團體擴大所有權範圍、分散工作量，並降低農民倦怠的風險；CSA 的大部分組織工作都可以由核心團體完成
  • The core group generally does NOT deal with farm-based decisions – these are left to the farmer 核心團隊通常不處理農場決策－這些決策由農民自行處理
  • Activities may include crop selection, helping determine share prices, payment schedules, organizing distribution, volunteer activities, newsletters, special events, etc. 活動可能包括作物選擇、協助決定股價、付款時程、組織分發、志工活動、電子報、特別活動等。

制定商業計畫與預算（Develop a Business Plan and Budget）

  • Both done by the farmer 這兩件事都是農民做的
  • Budget should meet the true costs of production and organizational costs and provide a fair salary for the farmer 預算應涵蓋生產與組織成本的真實成本，並為農民提供公平薪資
  • Capital expenses – land, equipment, structures, tools, irrigation, etc. 資本支出－土地、設備、結構、工具、灌溉等。
  • Labor expenses – farmer and worker salary and benefits, FICA, workers’ comp, etc. 勞動費用－農民與工人薪資及福利、FICA、勞工補償等。
  • Operating expenses – seeds, plants, water, taxes, fuel, soil amendments, supplies, etc. 營運費用－種子、植物、水、稅金、燃料、土壤改良劑、物資等。
  • North Carolina Organic Vegetable Production Cost Study北卡羅來納州有機蔬菜生產成本研究
  • Web Resources for Farm Business Planning農場商業規劃的網路資源

股價與支付（Share Price and Payment）

  • Share prices, amounts of produce distributed, and length of season vary among CSAs 各 CSA 的股價、分配的農產品數量及季節長度各異
  • Most CSAs offer full shares and half shares 大多數 CSA 提供全股及半股
  • Half shares usually cost more than half the cost of a full share 半股成本通常高於全股一半
  • Decide on length of season before setting price 在定價前先決定配送期的長度
  • Most local CSAs charge from $400-$700 per year for a full share 大多數地方 CSA 每年全額分成收費介於 400 至 700 美元之間
  • Some CSAs offer a choice of paying in installments 部分 CSA 提供分期付款選項

決定股價（Determining Share Price）

  • The biggest contributing factor to CSA burnout and failure is setting the share price too low 導致 CSA 倦怠與失敗的最大因素，是股價設定過低
  • A waiting list indicates that people will pay more for a share 等待名單表示人們願意為一份股份支付更多
  • If members are complaining about getting too much food or lots of people are splitting shares, the share size is probably too big 如果會員抱怨食物太多，或很多人分成股份，那份額可能太大了

設定股價的方法（Methods for Setting Share Price）

  • Sell at market price 以市價出售
  • Approximate market value 近似市場價值
  • Calculate costs 計算成本
  • Established community farm model 既定的社區農場模式

設定股價的方法：以市價出售（Methods for Setting Share Price: Sell at Market Price）

  • Most farmers use this method 大多數農民採用此方法
  • Charge members a set amount (usually $15-$20 a week), then give them a share of produce which would cost them that amount if they bought it elsewhere – usually use farmers’ market prices to determine value 向會員收取固定費用（通常每週 15 至 20 美元），然後提供給他們一份農產品，這份農產品若在其他地方購買，價格約為該金額－通常以農夫市集的價格作為定價依據

設定股價的方法：近似市價（Methods for Setting Share Price: Approximate Market Value）

  • Estimate how much a family spends on veggies for the season (consider where they currently purchase them) – this is the share price 估算一個家庭在當季蔬菜上的花費（考慮他們目前在哪裡購買）－這就是股價
  • Decide on what you want your income to be (you need to know what your farm can produce and its supply and labor requirements) 決定你想要的收入（你需要知道農場能生產什麼、供應和勞動需求）
  • Divide the gross income by the share price to come up with the number of shares you can offer 將毛收入除以股價，即可計算出您可出售的股份數量
  • Example – if members spend about $600 for 9 months of veggies, and your goal is to earn $24,000, you need to sell 40 shares 舉例來說－如果會員花約 600 美元買 9 個月的蔬菜，而你的目標是賺取 24,000 美元，你需要賣出 40 股

設定股價的方法：計算成本（Methods for Setting Share Price: Calculate Costs）

  • This method takes more time but provides detailed accounting for farmers and members 此方法花費較多時間，但能為農民與會員提供詳細的帳目
  • First decide how many shares you can produce from your land, and then figure the costs for raising that amount (include farmer and worker labor for growing, harvesting, distributing, and ALL production costs) 首先決定你能從土地生產多少份額，然後計算籌集這些比例的成本（包括農夫和工人的勞動力，包括種植、收割、分配，以及所有生產成本）
  • Divide the farm budget by the number of shares and you have the share price 將農場預算除以股票數量，即為股價

定價設定方法：既有社區農場模式（Methods for Setting Share Price: Established Community Farm Model）

  • Farmer works with members to determine overall budget and share price Farmer 與會員合作，決定整體預算與股價
  • Requires a very committed community, but provides for real costs of production from year to year 需要非常投入的社群，但每年都能提供實際的生產成本
  • Farmer calculates income requirements, production costs, and farm expenses for the year – full cost of farm operation 農民計算年度收入需求、生產成本及農場支出－農場營運的全部成本
  • When the total farm and farmer needs are determined, that figure is divided by the number of current or potential members 當確定農場及農民總需求時，該數字會除以現有或潛在會員人數
  • Example: share price would be $650 if the total farm budget is $65,000 and there are currently or potentially 100 members 舉例：若農場總預算為 65,000 美元，且目前或可能有 100 名成員，股價為 650 美元
  • Works best if number of members is high 當成員數量多時效果最佳

支付股金（Share Payments）

  • Full payment at beginning of season minimizes bookkeeping and assures income 開始配送前全額付款減少簿記工作，確保收入
  • Many CSAs offer payment plans to increase accessibility to low-income members 許多 CSA 提供分期付款計畫，以提升低收入會員的可及性
  • Some CSAs subsidize or donate shares to low-income families or homeless shelters 部分 CSA 會補助或捐贈股份給低收入家庭或無家可歸者收容所

工作會員資格（Working Memberships）

  • Some CSAs offer a few work-share memberships to members who work on the farm a certain number of hours each week 部分 CSA 會提供部分工作共享會員資格，供每週在農場工作一定時數的會員
  • The work-share membership may cover all or part of the cost of a share 工作分享會員資格可能涵蓋部分或全部股份成本

共擔風險，共享賞金（Shared Risk, Shared Bounty）

  • A unique characteristic of CSA is the concept of shared risk between the farmer and the members CSA 的一大特色是農民與會員之間共同承擔風險的概念
  • Some CSA producers write a statement explaining that they will grow vegetables for a certain time period to the best of their ability under the conditions of that upcoming season, and that the members agree to share the risk and are expected to contribute their share price no matter what the season brings 部分 CSA 生產者會撰寫聲明，說明他們將在該季節的條件下盡力種植蔬菜一段時間，並同意分擔風險，無論季節如何，都應出資
  • CSAs generally do not refund money in the event of crop loss CSA 通常不會在作物損失時退還款項

招募會員（Recruiting Members）

  • Best advertising is word of mouth, open houses, field days, group presentations 最好的宣傳方式是口碑、開放日、田間日、團體簡報
  • Brochures should explain the concept of CSA; the benefits of CSA; the story, vision, and goals of your CSA; what products members can receive (how, when, where); share price; how members can join; and whom to contact for more information 手冊應該說明 CSA 的概念、CSA 的好處、CSA 的故事、願景與目標、會員可獲得哪些產品（如何、何時、在哪裡）、股價、會員如何加入、以及如需更多資訊的聯絡人
  • Try to provide a harvest schedule and an idea of what may be included in each delivery (early-season, mid-season, late-season) 盡量提供收成時間表，以及每次送貨可能包含的內容（早季、中季、晚季）

留住會員（Retaining Members）

  • Many CSAs have a high turnover rate, losing between 25-70% of their members each season 許多 CSA 流動率高，每季流失會員約 25%至 70%
  • CSAs that encourage shareholder participation on the farm have better retention 鼓勵股東參與農場的 CSA 會帶來更好的留存率

留住會員的建議（Tips for Retaining Members）

  • Make the farm feel like a second home – communal workdays, social events, youth activities, etc. 讓農場感覺像第二個家－有共同工作日、社交活動、青少年活動等等。
  • Educate members – provide them with a schedule of when to expect their shares of certain fruits and vegetables 教育會員－提供他們一份預期吃水果和蔬菜的時間表
  • Dig out your best recipes; offer classes on canning and storing 翻出你最拿手的食譜；開設罐頭製作與食品保存課程
  • Renew memberships in the fall, rather than waiting until spring 秋季續約會員資格，而非等到春天
  • Decide what the “Top 10” vegetables are for your area and increase the quantity and length of season of these (e.g., carrots, lettuce, corn, greens, tomatoes, broccoli, green beans, onions, potatoes, etc.) 決定你所在地區的「十大」蔬菜，並增加這些蔬菜的數量和季節長度（例如胡蘿蔔、生菜、玉米、青葉蔬菜、番茄、花椰菜、四季豆、洋蔥、馬鈴薯等）。
  • Continue the newsletter during the winter months, to help members stay connected 冬季持續發行電子報，幫助會員保持聯繫
  • Select varieties for eating quality 選擇品種以求食用品質
  • Grow something different, like cut flowers, mushrooms, and berries 種些不同的東西，比如切花、蘑菇和漿果
  • Perform end-of-the-year surveys, and use these to help plan next year’s crop 進行年終調查，並利用這些調查來協助規劃明年的作物

會員回饋（Member Feedback）

  • Conduct end-of-the-season surveys (be sure to provide feedback to members on the survey results) 進行季末調查（務必對調查結果回饋會員）
  • Provide suggestion/comments box at the pick-up site 請在取件地點提供建議或意見欄

會員教育（Member Education）

  • Important part of the success of CSA – how to eat seasonally and locally CSA 成功的重要部分——如何依季節性與在地食材飲食
  • Many people today are not accustomed to preparing and eating fresh food, so direct communication from the farmer can help members transition from the supermarket model to the CSA model 現今許多人不習慣準備和食用新鮮食物，因此農民的直接溝通能幫助會員從超市模式過渡到 CSA 模式
  • Special events on the farm 農場上的特別活動
  • Newsletters 電子報
  • Cookbooks 食譜
  • Food books for regional CSAs 區域 CSA 的飲食書籍

電子報（Newsletters）

  • Try to provide weekly or bi-weekly throughout growing season – don’t need to be elaborate 在生長季節期間，盡量每週或每兩週提供一次－不需要太複雜
  • Provide a list of what’s in the week’s harvest 提供一份本週收成的清單
  • Info on how to wash, store, prepare, and preserve produce 關於如何清洗、儲存、準備及保存農產品的資訊
  • Recipes and nutritional information 食譜與營養資訊
  • Farm updates – crops, weather, pests, yields, what produce will be coming in 農場最新消息－作物、天氣、害蟲、產量、將要進來的農產品
  • Encourage members to help with newsletter 鼓勵會員協助電子報

社群建設活動（Community-Building Events）

  • Offer a variety of events 提供多元活動 Know your members’ ages, families, and interests 了解會員的年齡、家庭和興趣
  • Schedule and promote events early in the season 在配送初期安排並推廣活動
  • Have food as the central theme of all events 以美食作為所有活動的核心主題
  • Provide hands-on and participatory activities 提供實作與參與式活動
  • Incorporate animals into the event 將動物納入活動
  • Potlucks 聚餐
  • Farm field days and work days 農場田間日與工作日
  • Seasonal festivals 季節性節慶
  • Educational workshops 教育工作坊
  • Youth education activities 青少年教育活動

CSA 作物生產：種植經驗（Crop Production for CSA: Growing Experience）

  • Farmers must have experience in growing large quantities of lots of different vegetables before signing up any members 農民在招募會員之前，必須具備大量種植多種不同蔬菜的經驗
  • The more experience you have, the more stable and secure your members’ food supply will be! 您的經驗越豐富，會員的糧食供應就越穩定、越有保障！

會員想要什麼（What do Members Want）？

  • Members prefer the traditional, basic, and familiar veggies they are accustomed to buying (small amounts of exotic produce are welcome!) 會員們偏好那些他們習慣購買的傳統、基本且熟悉的蔬菜（少量異國蔬果也是歡迎的！）
  • Fruit is in high demand 水果需求量很大
  • Most members do not favor large quantities each week – members sometimes drop out of CSAs because they feel overwhelmed by the amount of vegetables 大多數會員並不喜歡每週收到大量蔬菜－有時會員會退出社區支持農業（CSA）計畫，因為他們覺得蔬菜的份量讓他們應接不暇
  • Members generally prefer wide variety rather than a large quantity 會員通常更偏好種類繁多，而非數量龐大
  • High-quality, clean produce 高品質、乾淨的農產品

我應該分配多少（How Much Should I Distribute）？

  • Weekly shares vary in size and variety over the course of the season 每週分享的數量和種類在季節中有所不同
  • Typical CSAs offer an average of 10 pounds of produce each week (may range from 5 pounds/week early in the season up to 20 pounds/week in late summer) 典型的 CSA 每週平均提供 10 磅（約 4.5 公斤）農產品（季節初約 2.27 公斤，夏末約 9 公斤）
  • Aim for 5-12 different types of produce each week 每週目標是提供 5 到 12 種不同類型的農產品

播種與收成量（Planting and Harvest Amounts）

選擇多樣性（Selecting Varieties）

  • Plant a number of different varieties of each crop in succession to provide a long harvest season 依序種植多種不同品種的作物，以確保收成季節較長
  • Heirloom varieties are usually popular 傳家品種通常很受歡迎
  • Choose varieties based on flavor 根據風味選擇品種
  • Vegetable Variety List蔬菜品種列表
  • Web Resources for Vegetable Production蔬菜生產的網路資源
  • Consult the Seed Section of the Grower Resource List for sources of vegetable seeds, including organic and heirloom seeds 請參閱種植者資源清單的種子區，查詢蔬菜種子來源，包括有機種子及傳家種子

訂定種植計畫（Develop a Crop Plan）

  • A well-thought out crop plan is absolutely essential to a successful CSA 一個深思熟慮的作物計畫對成功的 CSA 絕對不可或缺
  • Succession planting is critical! 演替種植至關重要！
  • Spread out the harvests so members don’t receive all of the crop at once 分散收成，避免成員一次收到所有收成
  • Use season extension techniques to lengthen the season 使用季節延長技巧來延長季節
  • Planting and Harvesting Guide for Piedmont Vegetables and Herbs 皮埃蒙特蔬菜與香草的種植與收穫指南
  • Farm Planning and Recordkeeping  – visit this webpage to download Excel spreadsheets to help with crop scheduling 農場規劃與記錄－請造訪此網頁下載 Excel 試算表，協助作物排程
  • Scheduling Vegetable Plantings for Continuous Harvest 排程蔬菜種植以實現連續收割
  • Resources for Season Extension 賽季延長資源

配送（Distribution）

  • On-farm pick-up 農場自取
  • Central distribution site 中央配送中心
  • Farmers’ market distribution 農夫市集取貨
  • Home delivery 宅配
  • Bulk distribution 批發
  • Some CSAs offer a choice of 1-2 days to accommodate a variety of schedules 部分社區支持農業（CSA）計畫提供 1 至 2 天的取貨時段，以配合各種不同的行程安排

其他的 CSA 產品（Other CSA Products）

  • Cut flowers 切花
  • Baked and canned goods 烘焙與罐頭食品
  • Poultry and eggs 家禽與雞蛋
  • Meat and dairy products 肉類與乳製品
  • Fiber 纖維
  • Honey and beeswax products 蜂蜜與蜂蠟產品

引進其他農場的產品（Supplementing Products from Other Farms）

  • Benefits 優點
    • Increased diversity of products 產品多樣性提升
    • Reduced risk 風險降低
    • One-stop shopping convenience 一站式購物便利
  • Drawbacks 缺點
    • Extra labor 額外勞動
    • Extra bookkeeping 額外的簿記
    • Increased costs 成本增加

引進產品的考量（Considerations for Supplementing Products）

  • Adjustment of share prices 股價調整
  • Partnership with local farms 與當地農場的合作
  • Maintaining philosophy of CSA 維護 CSA 的理念
  • Delivery schedules and storage 配送時程與儲存
  • Liability 責任

增加多樣性而不需補充的方法（Ways of Increasing Diversity Without Supplementing）

  • Distribution at local cooperatives 透過當地合作社進行分銷
  • Distribution at farmers’ markets 農夫市集的銷售

CSA 資源（CSA Resources）

  • Grower Resource List種植者資源清單
  • Books on Community Supported Agriculture 社區支持農業相關書籍
  • North Carolina Community Supported Agriculture Farms 北卡羅來納州社區支持農業農場

* Portions of this guide were adapted from Iowa State University’s CSA Resource Publication.

本指南部分內容改編自愛荷華州立大學的 CSA 資源出版物。

本文作者（WRITTEN BY）

Debbie Roos  黛比魯斯

Extension Agent, Agriculture - Sustainable / Organic ProductionN.C.

農業推廣代理 - 永續/有機生產北卡羅來納州

Cooperative Extension, Chatham County Center

查塔姆郡中心合作推廣

參考資料＆備註

取自「https://www.csa.tw:443/wiki/index.php?title=農民社區支持農業_(CSA)_資源指南&oldid=1230」